主谓一致是英语语法的一条基本规则:句子中的动词在数上必须与主语一致。单数主语搭配单数动词,复数主语搭配复数动词。虽然基本原则很简单,但英语中有许多复杂的情况会造成困惑,从集合名词到不定代词,再到主语和动词距离很远的句子。本指南涵盖了你需要掌握的所有主要规则。
主谓一致如何运作
核心结构很直观。在一般现在时中,第三人称单数主语(he, she, it)要求动词加 -s 词尾,其他所有主语使用动词原形。
基本一致规律:
| 主语 | 动词形式 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I | 动词原形 | I walk to work.(我走路上班。) |
| You | 动词原形 | You walk to work.(你走路上班。) |
| He / She / It | 动词原形 + -s | She walks to work.(她走路上班。) |
| We | 动词原形 | We walk to work.(我们走路上班。) |
| They | 动词原形 | They walk to work.(他们走路上班。) |
与 be 动词搭配:
| 主语 | 现在时 | 过去时 |
|---|---|---|
| I | am | was |
| He / She / It | is | was |
| You / We / They | are | were |
核心原则: 动词与主语一致,而不是与句子中的其他名词一致。找到真正的主语是最重要的步骤。
复杂情况下的主谓一致
大多数错误发生在主语难以辨别的情况下。以下是最重要的规则。
规则一:忽略主语和动词之间的修饰词
主语和动词之间的介词短语和其他修饰语不影响主谓一致。
- The list of items is on the table.(物品清单在桌子上。——主语是 list,单数)
- The students in the class are ready.(班里的学生们准备好了。——主语是 students,复数)
- The quality of these products has declined.(这些产品的质量下降了。——主语是 quality,单数)
规则二:由 and 连接的并列主语
由 and 连接的两个或多个主语通常是复数。
- Tom and Sarah are coming to dinner.(Tom和Sarah要来吃晚饭。)
- The teacher and the principal have agreed.(老师和校长达成了一致。)
例外:当两个名词指的是同一个概念或同一个人时,使用单数动词。
- Bread and butter is my favorite snack.(面包黄油是我最喜欢的零食。——一个概念)
- The CEO and founder is giving a speech.(CEO兼创始人正在发表演讲。——同一个人)
规则三:由 or 或 nor 连接的主语
动词与距离更近的主语一致。
- Neither the teacher nor the students were aware of the change.(老师和学生都不知道这个变化。——students 更近)
- Neither the students nor the teacher was aware of the change.(学生和老师都不知道这个变化。——teacher 更近)
- Either my brothers or my sister is going to help.(要么我兄弟要么我姐姐会来帮忙。——sister 更近)
规则四:不定代词
有些不定代词永远是单数,有些永远是复数,有些则两者皆可。
| 永远单数 | 永远复数 | 单数或复数 |
|---|---|---|
| everyone, everybody, everything | both, few, many, several, others | all, any, most, none, some |
| someone, somebody, something | ||
| anyone, anybody, anything | ||
| no one, nobody, nothing | ||
| each, every, either, neither |
- Everyone is welcome.(欢迎所有人。——单数)
- Few are willing to volunteer.(很少有人愿意做志愿者。——复数)
- Some of the cake is left.(还剩一些蛋糕。——单数:不可数名词)
- Some of the cookies are left.(还剩一些饼干。——复数:可数名词)
规则五:集合名词
集合名词(team, family, group, government, audience, class, company)根据含义可以是单数或复数。
- The team is winning.(这个队伍正在赢。——作为整体行动)
- The team are arguing among themselves.(队员们在互相争论。——作为个体行动,英式英语中更常见)
在美式英语中,集合名词通常被视为单数。
规则六:There is / There are
动词与后面的名词一致。
- There is a book on the table.(桌子上有一本书。——单数)
- There are three books on the table.(桌子上有三本书。——复数)
规则七:表示金额、距离和时间段的主语
当指的是一个整体单位时,使用单数动词。
- Ten dollars is not enough for lunch.(十美元不够吃午饭。——一个金额)
- Three miles is a long distance to walk.(三英里走起来是很长的距离。——一段距离)
- Two hours is all the time we have.(两小时是我们所有的时间。——一个时间段)
常见错误
| 错误 | 正确写法 | 原因 |
|---|---|---|
| The news are bad today. | The news is bad today. | news 是不可数名词,视为单数。 |
| Each of the students have a book. | Each of the students has a book. | each 永远是单数。 |
| The group of tourists are lost. | The group of tourists is lost. | 主语是 group(单数)。 |
| There's many reasons. | There are many reasons. | reasons 是复数,用 are。 |
| Neither she nor I is going. | Neither she nor I am going. | 动词与更近的主语 I 一致。 |
| Mathematics are difficult. | Mathematics is difficult. | 以 -s 结尾但实际上是单数的学科名:mathematics, physics, economics, news。 |
| Everybody have their own opinion. | Everybody has their own opinion. | everybody 是单数。 |
练习例句
找出每个句子中的主语,检查主谓一致:
- The price of these items has increased significantly.(这些物品的价格大幅上涨了。)
- Either the manager or the employees are responsible for the error.(要么经理要么员工对这个错误负责。)
- Each of the proposals needs to be reviewed carefully.(每一个提案都需要仔细审查。)
- There are several reasons why we should postpone the meeting.(有几个理由说明我们应该推迟会议。)
- My family is planning a vacation for the summer.(我的家人正在计划暑假旅行。)
- None of the information was useful.(没有一条信息是有用的。)
- The United States is a large and diverse country.(美国是一个幅员辽阔、多元化的国家。)
- Neither the students nor the teacher was prepared for the fire drill.(学生和老师都没有为消防演习做好准备。)
快速总结
- 基本规则: 单数主语搭配单数动词;复数主语搭配复数动词。
- 忽略干扰项: 主语和动词之间的介词短语不影响一致性。
- And = 复数: 由 and 连接的两个主语通常用复数动词。
- Or/Nor = 就近原则: 动词与距离更近的主语一致。
- 不定代词: everyone, someone, each, every, nobody 永远是单数。
- 集合名词: 在美式英语中通常是单数;在英式英语中指个体时可以是复数。
- There is/are: 动词与后面的名词一致。
- 找到主语的方法: 去掉介词短语和修饰语,剩下的名词就是主语。
主谓一致是一条看起来原则简单、实践中却需要仔细注意的语法规则。最好的策略是在选择动词形式之前,始终先找到真正的主语。遇到不确定的情况时,删去主语和动词之间的所有修饰成分来简化句子,正确的形式通常就会显而易见了。

