间接引语(Reported Speech),也叫转述语,是指我们不用别人的原话,而是用自己的话来告诉别人某人说了什么。比如,不直接引用——She said, "I am tired"(她说:"我很累"),而是转述:She said that she was tired.(她说她很累。)这是英语中最实用的语法话题之一,因为我们在几乎每次对话中都会转述别人的话。掌握时态变化、代词变化和时间表达变化的规则,是正确使用间接引语的关键。
在日常英语中,当你告诉朋友老板说了什么、概述一则新闻,或解释别人问了你什么时,你都需要用到间接引语。规则一开始可能看起来复杂,但它们遵循逻辑性很强的规律。
构成方式与结构
当你将直接引语变为间接引语时,通常有三个方面需要改变:动词时态、代词以及时间和地点的表达。
时态变化(时态后退)
当引述动词是过去时(said, told, asked)时,被转述的从句中的时态需要向后退一步:
| 直接引语 | 间接引语 |
|---|---|
| 一般现在时:"I work here."(我在这里工作。) | 一般过去时:She said she worked there.(她说她在那里工作。) |
| 现在进行时:"I am working."(我正在工作。) | 过去进行时:She said she was working.(她说她正在工作。) |
| 一般过去时:"I worked late."(我工作到很晚。) | 过去完成时:She said she had worked late.(她说她工作到很晚了。) |
| 现在完成时:"I have finished."(我已经完成了。) | 过去完成时:She said she had finished.(她说她已经完成了。) |
| Will:"I will call you."(我会给你打电话。) | Would:She said she would call me.(她说她会给我打电话。) |
| Can:"I can help."(我能帮忙。) | Could:She said she could help.(她说她能帮忙。) |
| May:"I may be late."(我可能会迟到。) | Might:She said she might be late.(她说她可能会迟到。) |
注意: 过去完成时、would、could、might 和 should 在间接引语中不再进一步变化。
代词变化
代词需要根据转述者的视角进行调整:
- "I am happy." → She said she was happy.(她说她很开心。)
- "We will go." → They said they would go.(他们说他们会去。)
- "You can do it." → He told me I could do it.(他告诉我我能做到。)
时间和地点的变化
| 直接引语 | 间接引语 |
|---|---|
| today(今天) | that day(那天) |
| tomorrow(明天) | the next day / the following day(第二天) |
| yesterday(昨天) | the day before / the previous day(前一天) |
| now(现在) | then / at that time(那时) |
| here(这里) | there(那里) |
| this(这个) | that(那个) |
| these(这些) | those(那些) |
| ago(...前) | before / earlier(之前) |
什么时候使用间接引语
转述陈述句
使用 "said" 或 "told" 来转述陈述句。注意:"told" 后面必须跟宾语(一个人),而 "said" 不需要。
- He said that he was feeling better.(他说他感觉好多了。——正确)
- He told me that he was feeling better.(他告诉我他感觉好多了。——正确)
- He told that he was feeling better.(错误——told 后面必须有宾语)
连接词 "that" 是可选的,在口语中经常省略:She said she would come later.(她说她晚点来。)
转述疑问句
对于一般疑问句(yes/no 问题),使用 "if" 或 "whether"。对于特殊疑问句(wh-问题),保留疑问词但改为陈述句语序(不倒装,不用 do/does/did)。
- "Do you like coffee?" → She asked me if I liked coffee.(她问我是否喜欢咖啡。)
- "Where do you live?" → He asked me where I lived.(他问我住在哪里。)
- "Have you finished?" → She asked whether I had finished.(她问我是否完成了。)
重要提示: 间接引语中的疑问句不使用问号,也不使用助动词倒装。
转述命令和请求
使用 "told" 或 "asked" 加宾语加不定式(to + 动词)。
- "Close the door." → She told me to close the door.(她让我关门。)
- "Please help me." → He asked me to help him.(他请求我帮助他。)
- "Do not touch that." → She told me not to touch that.(她让我不要碰那个。)
常见错误
| 错误 | 正确写法 | 解释 |
|---|---|---|
| She said me that she was tired. | She told me that she was tired. / She said that she was tired. | said 后面不直接跟人称宾语。用 told + 人 或 said(不跟人)。 |
| He asked where do I live. | He asked where I lived. | 间接引语中的疑问句用陈述句语序,不倒装。 |
| She asked me did I like it. | She asked me if I liked it. | 间接引语中的一般疑问句不用 did,用 if 或 whether。 |
| He said he will come tomorrow. | He said he would come the next day. | will 变为 would,tomorrow 变为 the next day。 |
| She told to close the door. | She told me to close the door. | told 后面必须有宾语(人)。 |
练习例句
将以下直接引语转换为间接引语:
- "I love this restaurant," she said. → She said that she loved that restaurant.(她说她喜欢那家餐厅。)
- "We are moving to London," they told me. → They told me that they were moving to London.(他们告诉我他们要搬到伦敦。)
- "I have never been to Japan," he said. → He said that he had never been to Japan.(他说他从未去过日本。)
- "Will you help me?" she asked. → She asked me if I would help her.(她问我是否愿意帮她。)
- "Where did you buy that jacket?" he asked. → He asked me where I had bought that jacket.(他问我在哪里买的那件夹克。)
- "Do not open the window," the teacher said. → The teacher told us not to open the window.(老师让我们不要开窗户。)
- "I can speak three languages," she said. → She said that she could speak three languages.(她说她会说三种语言。)
快速总结
- 间接引语是不用引号、用自己的话转述别人所说的话。
- 当引述动词是过去时,被转述的时态向后退一步(时态后退)。
- 改变代词和时间/地点的表达以适应新的视角。
- 陈述句用 said(不跟人称宾语)或 told(+ 人)。
- 一般疑问句用 asked + if/whether,特殊疑问句用 asked + 疑问词。始终使用陈述句语序。
- 命令和请求用 told/asked + 人 + to + 动词。
- 连接词 "that" 在间接引语的陈述句中是可选的。
- 间接引语中的疑问句末尾不加问号。
间接引语是你在英语中会不断使用的技能。通过每天练习概述你当天的对话内容,你很快就能适应时态变化和结构调整。

