间接引语:英语转述他人话语的规则

2025/06/01

间接引语(Reported Speech),也叫转述语,是指我们不用别人的原话,而是用自己的话来告诉别人某人说了什么。比如,不直接引用——She said, "I am tired"(她说:"我很累"),而是转述:She said that she was tired.(她说她很累。)这是英语中最实用的语法话题之一,因为我们在几乎每次对话中都会转述别人的话。掌握时态变化、代词变化和时间表达变化的规则,是正确使用间接引语的关键。

在日常英语中,当你告诉朋友老板说了什么、概述一则新闻,或解释别人问了你什么时,你都需要用到间接引语。规则一开始可能看起来复杂,但它们遵循逻辑性很强的规律。

构成方式与结构

当你将直接引语变为间接引语时,通常有三个方面需要改变:动词时态代词以及时间和地点的表达

时态变化(时态后退)

当引述动词是过去时(said, told, asked)时,被转述的从句中的时态需要向后退一步:

直接引语间接引语
一般现在时:"I work here."(我在这里工作。)一般过去时:She said she worked there.(她说她在那里工作。)
现在进行时:"I am working."(我正在工作。)过去进行时:She said she was working.(她说她正在工作。)
一般过去时:"I worked late."(我工作到很晚。)过去完成时:She said she had worked late.(她说她工作到很晚了。)
现在完成时:"I have finished."(我已经完成了。)过去完成时:She said she had finished.(她说她已经完成了。)
Will:"I will call you."(我会给你打电话。)Would:She said she would call me.(她说她会给我打电话。)
Can:"I can help."(我能帮忙。)Could:She said she could help.(她说她能帮忙。)
May:"I may be late."(我可能会迟到。)Might:She said she might be late.(她说她可能会迟到。)

注意: 过去完成时、would、could、might 和 should 在间接引语中不再进一步变化。

代词变化

代词需要根据转述者的视角进行调整:

  • "I am happy." → She said she was happy.(她说她很开心。)
  • "We will go." → They said they would go.(他们说他们会去。)
  • "You can do it." → He told me I could do it.(他告诉我我能做到。)

时间和地点的变化

直接引语间接引语
today(今天)that day(那天)
tomorrow(明天)the next day / the following day(第二天)
yesterday(昨天)the day before / the previous day(前一天)
now(现在)then / at that time(那时)
here(这里)there(那里)
this(这个)that(那个)
these(这些)those(那些)
ago(...前)before / earlier(之前)

什么时候使用间接引语

转述陈述句

使用 "said" 或 "told" 来转述陈述句。注意:"told" 后面必须跟宾语(一个人),而 "said" 不需要。

  • He said that he was feeling better.(他说他感觉好多了。——正确)
  • He told me that he was feeling better.(他告诉我他感觉好多了。——正确)
  • He told that he was feeling better.(错误——told 后面必须有宾语)

连接词 "that" 是可选的,在口语中经常省略:She said she would come later.(她说她晚点来。)

转述疑问句

对于一般疑问句(yes/no 问题),使用 "if" 或 "whether"。对于特殊疑问句(wh-问题),保留疑问词但改为陈述句语序(不倒装,不用 do/does/did)。

  • "Do you like coffee?" → She asked me if I liked coffee.(她问我是否喜欢咖啡。)
  • "Where do you live?" → He asked me where I lived.(他问我住在哪里。)
  • "Have you finished?" → She asked whether I had finished.(她问我是否完成了。)

重要提示: 间接引语中的疑问句不使用问号,也不使用助动词倒装。

转述命令和请求

使用 "told" 或 "asked" 加宾语加不定式(to + 动词)。

  • "Close the door." → She told me to close the door.(她让我关门。)
  • "Please help me." → He asked me to help him.(他请求我帮助他。)
  • "Do not touch that." → She told me not to touch that.(她让我不要碰那个。)

常见错误

错误正确写法解释
She said me that she was tired.She told me that she was tired. / She said that she was tired.said 后面不直接跟人称宾语。用 told + 人 或 said(不跟人)。
He asked where do I live.He asked where I lived.间接引语中的疑问句用陈述句语序,不倒装。
She asked me did I like it.She asked me if I liked it.间接引语中的一般疑问句不用 did,用 if 或 whether。
He said he will come tomorrow.He said he would come the next day.will 变为 would,tomorrow 变为 the next day。
She told to close the door.She told me to close the door.told 后面必须有宾语(人)。

练习例句

将以下直接引语转换为间接引语:

  1. "I love this restaurant," she said. → She said that she loved that restaurant.(她说她喜欢那家餐厅。)
  2. "We are moving to London," they told me. → They told me that they were moving to London.(他们告诉我他们要搬到伦敦。)
  3. "I have never been to Japan," he said. → He said that he had never been to Japan.(他说他从未去过日本。)
  4. "Will you help me?" she asked. → She asked me if I would help her.(她问我是否愿意帮她。)
  5. "Where did you buy that jacket?" he asked. → He asked me where I had bought that jacket.(他问我在哪里买的那件夹克。)
  6. "Do not open the window," the teacher said. → The teacher told us not to open the window.(老师让我们不要开窗户。)
  7. "I can speak three languages," she said. → She said that she could speak three languages.(她说她会说三种语言。)

快速总结

  • 间接引语是不用引号、用自己的话转述别人所说的话。
  • 当引述动词是过去时,被转述的时态向后退一步(时态后退)。
  • 改变代词和时间/地点的表达以适应新的视角。
  • 陈述句用 said(不跟人称宾语)或 told(+ 人)。
  • 一般疑问句用 asked + if/whether,特殊疑问句用 asked + 疑问词。始终使用陈述句语序。
  • 命令和请求用 told/asked + 人 + to + 动词
  • 连接词 "that" 在间接引语的陈述句中是可选的。
  • 间接引语中的疑问句末尾不加问号。

间接引语是你在英语中会不断使用的技能。通过每天练习概述你当天的对话内容,你很快就能适应时态变化和结构调整。

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