定语从句(Relative Clause)是句子中对名词进行补充说明的部分。它通常由关系代词引导,如 who、which、that、whose 或 where。例如,在句子 The woman who lives next door is a doctor(住在隔壁的那位女士是一名医生)中,"who lives next door" 就是定语从句,告诉我们是哪位女士。定语从句让你能够把两个短句合并成一个更长、更自然的句子。
掌握定语从句将使你的英语听起来更流利、更有层次。它们在口语和书面英语中都被大量使用,理解限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别,是迈向中高级英语水平的关键一步。
构成方式与结构
定语从句直接放在它所修饰的名词之后。你选择的关系代词取决于那个名词指的是什么。
| 关系代词 | 适用对象 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| who | 人(作主语) | The teacher who taught me English was excellent.(教我英语的老师非常优秀。) |
| whom | 人(作宾语,正式) | The man whom she married is an engineer.(她嫁的那个人是一名工程师。) |
| which | 事物和动物 | The book which I borrowed was fascinating.(我借的那本书非常引人入胜。) |
| that | 人和事物(仅限限定性从句) | The car that he bought is red.(他买的那辆车是红色的。) |
| whose | 表所属(人和物) | The student whose essay won the prize is my friend.(作文获奖的那个学生是我的朋友。) |
| where | 地点 | The restaurant where we had dinner was lovely.(我们吃晚饭的那家餐厅很棒。) |
| when | 时间 | I remember the day when we first met.(我记得我们第一次见面的那天。) |
限定性定语从句 vs. 非限定性定语从句
定语从句有两种类型,它们的功能差别很大:
限定性定语从句(Defining relative clauses)确定我们说的是哪一个名词。它们对句意是必要的。不使用逗号。
- The students who passed the exam will receive certificates.(通过考试的学生将获得证书。——只是通过考试的学生,不是所有学生。)
非限定性定语从句(Non-defining relative clauses)添加额外的、非必要的信息。没有它们句子仍然完整。它们前后必须使用逗号。
- My brother, who lives in London, is visiting us next week.(我哥哥住在伦敦,下周要来看我们。——额外信息,我只有一个哥哥。)
关键规则: 非限定性定语从句中不能使用 "that"。人用 "who",物用 "which"。
什么时候使用定语从句
合并两个句子
定语从句让你避免写出重复、断断续续的句子:
- I met a woman. The woman works at Google. → I met a woman who works at Google.(我遇到了一位在谷歌工作的女士。)
- She bought a dress. The dress was on sale. → She bought a dress that was on sale.(她买了一件打折的裙子。)
提供必要的识别信息(限定性从句)
- The man who called you left a message.(给你打电话的那个人留了言。——哪个人?打电话的那个。)
- The hotel where we stayed was near the beach.(我们住的那家酒店靠近海滩。)
- The email that I sent you contains the details.(我发给你的那封邮件包含了详细信息。)
添加额外信息(非限定性从句)
- Paris, which is the capital of France, attracts millions of tourists every year.(巴黎是法国的首都,每年吸引数百万游客。)
- My neighbor, whose dog barks all night, finally hired a trainer.(我的邻居的狗整夜叫,他终于请了一位训狗师。)
- Our meeting, which lasted three hours, was very productive.(我们的会议持续了三个小时,非常有成效。)
省略关系代词
在限定性定语从句中,当关系代词作宾语时,可以省略:
- The movie (that/which) I watched last night was great.(我昨晚看的那部电影很好看。——"I" 是主语,"that/which" 是宾语,可以省略。)
- The person (who/that) you met yesterday is my cousin.(你昨天遇到的那个人是我表弟。)
当关系代词作主语时,不能省略:
- The woman who called me was very polite.(给我打电话的那位女士非常有礼貌。——不能去掉 who。)
常见错误
| 错误 | 正确写法 | 解释 |
|---|---|---|
| The man which helped me was kind. | The man who/that helped me was kind. | 指人用 who 或 that,不用 which。 |
| My sister, that lives in Paris, is a chef. | My sister, who lives in Paris, is a chef. | 非限定性从句中不能用 that。 |
| The book who I read was good. | The book which/that I read was good. | 指物用 which 或 that,不用 who。 |
| The student whose failed the test was sad. | The student who failed the test was sad. | whose 表示所属;who 是主格关系代词。 |
| The city where I was born it is beautiful. | The city where I was born is beautiful. | 定语从句后不要多加代词 it。 |
练习例句
用定语从句将每对句子合并为一句:
- I have a friend. She speaks five languages. → I have a friend who speaks five languages.(我有一个会说五种语言的朋友。)
- He showed me the photo. He took it in Italy. → He showed me the photo that he took in Italy.(他给我看了他在意大利拍的那张照片。)
- We visited the museum. The museum has a famous painting. → We visited the museum which has a famous painting.(我们参观了那家有一幅名画的博物馆。)
- That is the teacher. Her lessons are always interesting. → That is the teacher whose lessons are always interesting.(那就是那个课总是很有趣的老师。)
- London is the city. I grew up there. → London is the city where I grew up.(伦敦是我长大的城市。)
- The cake was delicious. My grandmother made it. → The cake that my grandmother made was delicious.(我奶奶做的那个蛋糕很好吃。)
- Dr. Smith is a cardiologist. He saved my father's life. → Dr. Smith, who is a cardiologist, saved my father's life.(Smith 医生是一名心脏科医生,他救了我父亲的命。——非限定性从句)
快速总结
- Who = 人(主格)。Whom = 人(宾格,正式)。Which = 物。That = 人或物(仅限限定性从句)。
- Whose = 所属。Where = 地点。When = 时间。
- 限定性从句用来确定名词身份,不加逗号。非限定性从句添加额外信息,必须加逗号。
- 非限定性(带逗号的)从句中永远不能用 that。
- 当关系代词在限定性从句中作宾语时,可以省略。
- 不要在定语从句内部多加一个主语代词。
定语从句在英语中无处不在。你越多练习构造它们,你的句子就会越自然、越连贯。注意母语者和作者是如何使用定语从句的,并开始将它们融入你自己的口语和写作中。

