定语从句:who, which, that 完整指南

2025/06/01

定语从句(Relative Clause)是句子中对名词进行补充说明的部分。它通常由关系代词引导,如 whowhichthatwhosewhere。例如,在句子 The woman who lives next door is a doctor(住在隔壁的那位女士是一名医生)中,"who lives next door" 就是定语从句,告诉我们是哪位女士。定语从句让你能够把两个短句合并成一个更长、更自然的句子。

掌握定语从句将使你的英语听起来更流利、更有层次。它们在口语和书面英语中都被大量使用,理解限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别,是迈向中高级英语水平的关键一步。

构成方式与结构

定语从句直接放在它所修饰的名词之后。你选择的关系代词取决于那个名词指的是什么。

关系代词适用对象例句
who人(作主语)The teacher who taught me English was excellent.(教我英语的老师非常优秀。)
whom人(作宾语,正式)The man whom she married is an engineer.(她嫁的那个人是一名工程师。)
which事物和动物The book which I borrowed was fascinating.(我借的那本书非常引人入胜。)
that人和事物(仅限限定性从句)The car that he bought is red.(他买的那辆车是红色的。)
whose表所属(人和物)The student whose essay won the prize is my friend.(作文获奖的那个学生是我的朋友。)
where地点The restaurant where we had dinner was lovely.(我们吃晚饭的那家餐厅很棒。)
when时间I remember the day when we first met.(我记得我们第一次见面的那天。)

限定性定语从句 vs. 非限定性定语从句

定语从句有两种类型,它们的功能差别很大:

限定性定语从句(Defining relative clauses)确定我们说的是哪一个名词。它们对句意是必要的。不使用逗号。

  • The students who passed the exam will receive certificates.(通过考试的学生将获得证书。——只是通过考试的学生,不是所有学生。)

非限定性定语从句(Non-defining relative clauses)添加额外的、非必要的信息。没有它们句子仍然完整。它们前后必须使用逗号

  • My brother, who lives in London, is visiting us next week.(我哥哥住在伦敦,下周要来看我们。——额外信息,我只有一个哥哥。)

关键规则: 非限定性定语从句中不能使用 "that"。人用 "who",物用 "which"。

什么时候使用定语从句

合并两个句子

定语从句让你避免写出重复、断断续续的句子:

  • I met a woman. The woman works at Google.I met a woman who works at Google.(我遇到了一位在谷歌工作的女士。)
  • She bought a dress. The dress was on sale.She bought a dress that was on sale.(她买了一件打折的裙子。)

提供必要的识别信息(限定性从句)

  • The man who called you left a message.(给你打电话的那个人留了言。——哪个人?打电话的那个。)
  • The hotel where we stayed was near the beach.(我们住的那家酒店靠近海滩。)
  • The email that I sent you contains the details.(我发给你的那封邮件包含了详细信息。)

添加额外信息(非限定性从句)

  • Paris, which is the capital of France, attracts millions of tourists every year.(巴黎是法国的首都,每年吸引数百万游客。)
  • My neighbor, whose dog barks all night, finally hired a trainer.(我的邻居的狗整夜叫,他终于请了一位训狗师。)
  • Our meeting, which lasted three hours, was very productive.(我们的会议持续了三个小时,非常有成效。)

省略关系代词

在限定性定语从句中,当关系代词作宾语时,可以省略:

  • The movie (that/which) I watched last night was great.(我昨晚看的那部电影很好看。——"I" 是主语,"that/which" 是宾语,可以省略。)
  • The person (who/that) you met yesterday is my cousin.(你昨天遇到的那个人是我表弟。)

当关系代词作主语时,不能省略:

  • The woman who called me was very polite.(给我打电话的那位女士非常有礼貌。——不能去掉 who。)

常见错误

错误正确写法解释
The man which helped me was kind.The man who/that helped me was kind.指人用 who 或 that,不用 which。
My sister, that lives in Paris, is a chef.My sister, who lives in Paris, is a chef.非限定性从句中不能用 that。
The book who I read was good.The book which/that I read was good.指物用 which 或 that,不用 who。
The student whose failed the test was sad.The student who failed the test was sad.whose 表示所属;who 是主格关系代词。
The city where I was born it is beautiful.The city where I was born is beautiful.定语从句后不要多加代词 it。

练习例句

用定语从句将每对句子合并为一句:

  1. I have a friend. She speaks five languages. → I have a friend who speaks five languages.(我有一个会说五种语言的朋友。)
  2. He showed me the photo. He took it in Italy. → He showed me the photo that he took in Italy.(他给我看了他在意大利拍的那张照片。)
  3. We visited the museum. The museum has a famous painting. → We visited the museum which has a famous painting.(我们参观了那家有一幅名画的博物馆。)
  4. That is the teacher. Her lessons are always interesting. → That is the teacher whose lessons are always interesting.(那就是那个课总是很有趣的老师。)
  5. London is the city. I grew up there. → London is the city where I grew up.(伦敦是我长大的城市。)
  6. The cake was delicious. My grandmother made it. → The cake that my grandmother made was delicious.(我奶奶做的那个蛋糕很好吃。)
  7. Dr. Smith is a cardiologist. He saved my father's life. → Dr. Smith, who is a cardiologist, saved my father's life.(Smith 医生是一名心脏科医生,他救了我父亲的命。——非限定性从句)

快速总结

  • Who = 人(主格)。Whom = 人(宾格,正式)。Which = 物。That = 人或物(仅限限定性从句)。
  • Whose = 所属。Where = 地点。When = 时间。
  • 限定性从句用来确定名词身份,不加逗号。非限定性从句添加额外信息,必须加逗号。
  • 非限定性(带逗号的)从句中永远不能用 that。
  • 当关系代词在限定性从句中作宾语时,可以省略。
  • 不要在定语从句内部多加一个主语代词。

定语从句在英语中无处不在。你越多练习构造它们,你的句子就会越自然、越连贯。注意母语者和作者是如何使用定语从句的,并开始将它们融入你自己的口语和写作中。

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