短语动词是英语中最具挑战性但又最重要的部分之一。短语动词是一个动词和一个或两个小品词(介词或副词)的组合,它所创造的意思与原始动词不同。例如,"give up" 并不是"向上给"的意思,而是"放弃"或"停止尝试"。短语动词在日常口语和书面英语中被不断使用,所以学习最常用的短语动词对于理解母语者和让自己的英语听起来自然至关重要。
英语中有数千个短语动词,但你不需要全部学会。掌握最常用的50个短语动词就能覆盖你在日常对话、电子邮件、新闻和娱乐中遇到的绝大部分。
构成方式与结构
短语动词由一个基本动词加上一个或两个小品词组成:
| 结构 | 例子 |
|---|---|
| 动词 + 副词 | give up(放弃), find out(发现), come back(回来) |
| 动词 + 介词 | look after(照顾), get over(克服), run into(偶遇) |
| 动词 + 副词 + 介词 | look forward to(期待), put up with(忍受), come up with(想出) |
可分离与不可分离
可分离的短语动词允许你把宾语放在动词和小品词之间:
- Turn off the light. 或 Turn the light off.(关灯。)
- Pick up your clothes. 或 Pick your clothes up.(捡起你的衣服。)
规则: 当宾语是代词(it, them, him, her)时,必须分开:Turn it off.(不能说 "Turn off it.")
不可分离的短语动词必须保持动词和小品词在一起:
- She looks after her grandmother.(她照顾她的祖母。)(不能说 "She looks her grandmother after.")
- I ran into my old friend.(我偶遇了我的老朋友。)(不能说 "I ran my old friend into.")
50个最常用短语动词
LOOK 类
- Look after — 照顾:Can you look after my cat while I am away?(我不在的时候你能照顾我的猫吗?)
- Look for — 寻找:I am looking for my keys.(我在找我的钥匙。)
- Look forward to — 期待:I look forward to meeting you.(我期待与你见面。)
- Look into — 调查:The police are looking into the matter.(警察正在调查此事。)
- Look up — 查找信息:I looked up the word in the dictionary.(我在字典里查了这个词。)
GET 类
- Get up — 起床:I get up at 7:00 every morning.(我每天早上7点起床。)
- Get along (with) — 相处融洽:She gets along well with her colleagues.(她和同事相处得很好。)
- Get over — 恢复/克服:It took him weeks to get over the flu.(他花了几周才从流感中恢复。)
- Get rid of — 摆脱/丢弃:I need to get rid of these old clothes.(我需要丢掉这些旧衣服。)
- Get back — 回来:What time did you get back from vacation?(你度假什么时候回来的?)
TURN 类
- Turn on — 打开(设备):Turn on the TV.(打开电视。)
- Turn off — 关闭(设备):Please turn off your phone during the movie.(看电影时请关闭手机。)
- Turn up — 出现/调大音量:He turned up late to the meeting.(他开会迟到了。)
- Turn down — 拒绝/调小音量:She turned down the job offer.(她拒绝了这份工作。)
- Turn out — 结果是:The party turned out to be really fun.(派对结果非常有趣。)
COME 类
- Come across — 偶然发现:I came across an interesting article online.(我在网上偶然发现一篇有趣的文章。)
- Come back — 回来:When are you coming back home?(你什么时候回家?)
- Come up with — 想出(主意):She came up with a brilliant solution.(她想出了一个绝妙的解决方案。)
- Come up — 出现/被提到:Something important came up at work.(工作中出现了一件重要的事。)
PUT 类
- Put on — 穿上:Put on your jacket. It is cold outside.(穿上你的外套,外面冷。)
- Put off — 推迟:They put off the meeting until next week.(他们把会议推迟到下周。)
- Put up with — 忍受:I cannot put up with this noise any longer.(我再也忍受不了这个噪音了。)
- Put away — 收好:Put away your toys before dinner.(晚饭前把玩具收好。)
TAKE 类
- Take off — 脱掉/起飞:Take off your shoes.(脱掉你的鞋。)/ The plane took off on time.(飞机准时起飞了。)
- Take care of — 照顾:She takes care of her elderly parents.(她照顾年迈的父母。)
- Take up — 开始(爱好):He took up painting last year.(他去年开始学画画。)
- Take out — 取出:She took out her wallet and paid.(她拿出钱包付了钱。)
GIVE 类
- Give up — 放弃/戒掉:Do not give up! You can do it.(别放弃!你能做到。)/ He gave up smoking.(他戒了烟。)
- Give back — 归还:Can you give back the book I lent you?(你能还我借给你的书吗?)
- Give away — 捐赠/泄露:She gave away her old furniture.(她把旧家具捐了。)
BREAK 类
- Break down — 坏掉/崩溃:My car broke down on the highway.(我的车在高速上抛锚了。)
- Break up — 分手:They broke up after five years together.(他们在一起五年后分手了。)
- Break into — 闯入:Someone broke into our house last night.(昨晚有人闯入了我们家。)
其他常用短语动词
- Pick up — 接(人)/捡起:I will pick you up at the airport.(我到机场接你。)
- Bring up — 提起(话题)/抚养:She brought up an interesting point.(她提出了一个有趣的观点。)
- Carry on — 继续:Carry on with your work.(继续你的工作。)
- Hold on — 等一下:Hold on a moment.(等一下。)
- Set up — 建立/安排:They set up a new business together.(他们一起建立了一家新公司。)
- Figure out — 弄清楚:I cannot figure out how to use this app.(我搞不懂怎么用这个应用。)
- Work out — 锻炼/解决:She works out three times a week.(她每周锻炼三次。)
- Run out of — 用完:We ran out of milk.(我们的牛奶用完了。)
- Run into — 偶遇:I ran into an old classmate at the store.(我在商店偶遇了一个老同学。)
- Go on — 继续/发生:Please go on. I am listening.(请继续。我在听。)
- Go over — 复习:Let us go over the plan one more time.(让我们再复习一下计划。)
- Find out — 发现/查明:I just found out that she is moving to Paris.(我刚发现她要搬去巴黎了。)
- Call off — 取消:They called off the wedding.(他们取消了婚礼。)
- Check in — 登记入住:We checked in at the hotel at 3 p.m.(我们下午3点在酒店登记入住。)
- Check out — 退房/看看:We need to check out by noon.(我们需要在中午前退房。)
- Fill in — 填写:Please fill in this application form.(请填写这张申请表。)
- Fill up — 加满:He filled up the car with gas.(他把车加满了油。)
常见错误
| 错误 | 正确 | 解释 |
|---|---|---|
| I will pick up you at 8. | I will pick you up at 8. | 代词做宾语时,必须分开放。 |
| She looks after to her mother. | She looks after her mother. | 不要加多余的介词。 |
| Turn off it. | Turn it off. | 代词必须放在可分离短语动词的中间。 |
| I came up a great idea. | I came up with a great idea. | "come up with" 需要三个词都完整。 |
| He gave up to smoke. | He gave up smoking. | "give up" 后面用动名词,不用不定式。 |
练习例句
用正确的短语动词完成句子:
- Can you _____ the music? I cannot hear it. — turn up(调大音量)
- I need to _____ this problem before the deadline. — figure out(弄清楚)
- Please _____ your shoes before entering the house. — take off(脱掉)
- He _____ a new hobby: playing chess. — took up(开始)
- The concert was _____ because of the rain. — called off(取消)
- We _____ milk. Can you buy some? — ran out of(用完)
快速参考
- 短语动词 = 动词 + 小品词,意思与单独的词不同。
- 可分离的: 宾语可以放在动词和小品词之间。代词宾语必须放中间。
- 不可分离的: 动词和小品词必须在一起,不管宾语是什么。
- 短语动词在非正式英语中更常见;正式写作中通常使用单词替代。
- 在语境中学习短语动词,而不是死记列表。在对话、电视节目和文章中留意它们。
- 很多短语动词有多个意思(如 "turn down" = 拒绝 或 调小音量),所以要根据语境判断。
学习短语动词的最好方法是通过持续的接触和练习。建立一个个人笔记本记录你遇到的新短语动词,为每个写例句,并定期复习。随着时间推移,它们会成为你词汇的自然组成部分。

